What Is Moxibustion?

How Does Moxibustion Work?

The application of heat therapy has been a fundamental part of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) for centuries, helping to stimulate circulation, relieve stagnation, and restore balance within the body. Moxibustion works by generating therapeutic heat, using burning mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) to activate specific acupuncture points and enhance energy flow throughout the meridians.

As the moxa burns, it produces radiant heat that penetrates deep into the muscles, joints, and energy pathways (meridians), helping to:

• Stimulate qi (vital energy) and encourage its smooth flow throughout the body.
• Strengthen blood circulation, reducing stagnation and improving nutrient delivery.
• Support the body’s natural healing functions, especially for conditions related to cold, dampness, and energy deficiency.

Unlike acupuncture, which involves inserting fine needles into the skin to stimulate specific energy channels, moxibustion relies solely on heat stimulation. The therapy can be used alone or in combination with acupuncture, depending on the condition being treated and the desired outcome.

Origins and Traditional Use

Moxibustion has been practiced for over 2,500 years, with historical references found in ancient Chinese medical texts like the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Medicine). In these writings, moxibustion is described as a treatment to dispel cold and dampness, strengthen immunity, and promote long-term wellness.

This practice has also been widely adopted in other East Asian medicinal systems, including:

• Japanese Kampo Medicine: Utilizes a more refined moxibustion technique known as “Okyu”, which involves applying small moxa cones directly on the skin.
• Korean Traditional Medicine: Often combines moxibustion with acupuncture for enhanced therapeutic effects.

Moxibustion continues to be a cornerstone of holistic medicine, with many practitioners incorporating it into treatments for pain management, digestion, and reproductive health.

How is Moxibustion Performed?

Moxibustion is administered in two primary ways:

Direct Moxibustion

In direct moxibustion, small moxa cones are placed directly on the skin and burned until the patient feels an intense warming sensation. This method is further divided into:

• Scarring Moxibustion: The moxa is left to burn completely, often causing a blister or mild burn. This approach is rarely used today due to discomfort and risk of infection.
• Non-Scarring Moxibustion: The burning moxa is removed before causing damage, providing gentle warmth without lasting marks.

Though effective, direct moxibustion is less common in Western practices due to concerns about skin irritation and burns.

Indirect Moxibustion

Indirect moxibustion is a safer, more popular method, where moxa is burned near the skin but not in direct contact. Techniques include:

• Moxa Stick Therapy: A practitioner holds a burning moxa stick close to the acupuncture point, moving it in small circles until the area feels warm.
• Moxa on Acupuncture Needles: Small moxa pieces are attached to acupuncture needles, transferring heat through the needle to the meridian.
• Moxa Boxes and Smokeless Moxa: Modern variations include moxa boxes, which generate controlled heat, and smokeless moxa, ideal for those sensitive to traditional moxa smoke.

How Do Practitioners Apply Moxibustion?

A licensed TCM practitioner assesses the patient’s health condition and selects the most appropriate acupuncture points. The treatment is customized to target qi imbalances, circulation issues, or cold-related ailments.

A typical moxibustion session involves:

1. Lying comfortably on a treatment table.
2. The practitioner identifying acupuncture points based on the patient’s concerns.
3. The burning moxa is applied until the area feels warm and qi is stimulated.
4. A session lasts 15-30 minutes, with most patients reporting relaxation and relief.

Potential Uses in Traditional Chinese Medicine

Moxibustion is frequently used in both preventative care and treatment for various ailments. The heat generated from burning moxa (mugwort) is believed to penetrate deep into the body, activating circulation and stimulating the body’s natural healing mechanisms.

Here’s a deeper look at some of the key benefits of moxibustion:

1. Improves Circulation and Warms the Body

Many conditions in TCM are linked to an excess of cold or dampness in the body, which can cause stagnation, slow metabolism, and discomfort. Moxibustion is often used to warm meridians (energy pathways) and promote better blood circulation. This can be particularly useful for:

• Cold hands and feet due to poor circulation.
• Hypothyroidism, which can cause feelings of coldness in the body.
• Postpartum recovery, helping women regain warmth and energy after childbirth.

By stimulating warmth and energy flow, moxibustion supports healthy circulation, ensuring that nutrients and oxygen reach all parts of the body effectively.

2. Supports Digestion and Eases Bloating

Digestive disorders are a common concern in Traditional Chinese Medicine, often linked to spleen and stomach imbalances. Moxibustion is believed to strengthen digestive function by:

• Warming the digestive organs, reducing bloating and abdominal discomfort.
• Enhancing nutrient absorption, preventing sluggish digestion.
• Regulating bowel movements, helping with both constipation and diarrhea.

The acupuncture points ST-36 (Zusanli) and CV-12 (Zhongwan) are often used for digestive health, with moxibustion applied to stimulate metabolism and gut motility.

3. Reduces Menstrual Cramps and Reproductive Issues

Many women turn to moxibustion therapy to relieve menstrual pain and regulate cycles. It is commonly applied to:

• Alleviate period cramps by improving blood flow to the uterus.
• Regulate menstrual cycles in cases of irregular or absent periods.
• Boost fertility by supporting uterine warmth and circulation.

Moxibustion is often used on acupuncture points like SP-6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV-4 (Guanyuan) to promote reproductive health. Some fertility specialists also integrate it into assisted reproductive treatments (IVF, IUI) as a complementary therapy.

4. Enhances Immune Function to Fight Chronic Fatigue

In TCM, chronic fatigue is often linked to qi deficiency, meaning the body’s energy reserves are depleted. Moxibustion can:

• Boost the immune system, making the body more resilient to illnesses.
• Increase energy levels, combating chronic fatigue syndrome and general tiredness.
• Strengthen the lungs and kidneys, which are crucial for sustaining long-term energy in TCM.

Regular moxibustion sessions on points like ST-36 (Zusanli) and CV-6 (Qihai) can help individuals recover from burnout, stress, and low vitality.

5. Alleviates Joint Pain and Stiffness

Moxibustion is widely used for treating arthritis and musculoskeletal pain, as its heat penetrates deep into the joints and muscles. It is particularly beneficial for:

• Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, reducing pain and stiffness.
• Back pain and neck tension, relieving muscle tightness.
• Sports injuries, helping speed up tissue recovery.

By applying moxa to acupuncture points along the meridians, the therapy can relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and promote mobility in individuals suffering from chronic joint issues.

Can Moxibustion Help Turn a Breech Baby?

One of the most well-known modern applications of moxibustion is its use in turning breech babies before birth. Research and anecdotal evidence suggest that applying moxa to the acupuncture point BL-67 (Zhiyin), located near the outer edge of the pinky toe, may encourage fetal movement and increase the likelihood of the baby turning head-down.

How Does Moxibustion Help with Breech Babies?

• The heat from the moxa stick stimulates blood flow to the uterus, making it more active.
• Increased uterine contractions and movement help create the right conditions for the baby to turn.
• The stimulation of qi and meridian energy encourages fetal repositioning.

What Does the Research Say?

​A systematic review and meta-analysis published in the Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies evaluated the effectiveness of moxibustion in correcting breech presentation. The study concluded that moxibustion has a positive effect on correcting breech presentation, especially in the Asian population. 

Similarly, a Cochrane review found that moxibustion, when combined with usual care, probably reduces the number of non-cephalic presentations at birth compared to usual care alone or sham moxibustion plus usual care. However, the review noted that moxibustion probably results in little to no difference in the rate of cesarean sections. 

These findings suggest that moxibustion may be considered as a natural alternative before opting for medical interventions like external cephalic version (ECV) or cesarean sections. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare provider before undergoing moxibustion treatment to ensure safety and appropriateness for individual cases.

Precautions for Pregnant Women

Although moxibustion is considered safe for pregnancy, it is essential to consult a qualified healthcare provider before attempting it. It should always be performed under the guidance of a trained acupuncturist or midwife to ensure safety.

Other Common Conditions Treated with Moxibustion

Beyond its traditional uses, moxibustion is often recommended for various chronic conditions that affect overall well-being. Some of the most common conditions include:

1. Arthritis and Muscle Pain

Moxibustion is widely used for arthritis, joint pain, and muscle tension. The warmth produced by burning moxa helps to:

• Reduce joint inflammation.
• Improve range of motion and flexibility.
• Provide relief for chronic musculoskeletal pain.

2. Cold-Induced Respiratory Conditions (Asthma, Bronchitis)

In TCM, cold and dampness are often associated with lung-related illnesses, such as:

• Asthma and bronchitis.
• Chronic coughs and congestion.
• Sinus infections.

By applying moxa to LU-1 (Zhongfu) and CV-17 (Shanzhong), moxibustion can help open up airways and promote easier breathing.

3. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

People struggling with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or long-term burnout may find moxibustion beneficial. Since TCM associates fatigue with qi deficiency, applying moxa can:

• Replenish energy reserves.
• Support adrenal function.
• Strengthen the digestive and immune systems to restore balance.

4. Menstrual Irregularities and PMS

Women experiencing irregular cycles, painful periods, or PMS symptoms can benefit from moxibustion by:

• Regulating hormonal balance.
• Reducing bloating and mood swings.
• Enhancing circulation to the reproductive organs.

Applying moxa to points like SP-6 (Sanyinjiao) and CV-4 (Guanyuan) can support overall menstrual health.

Safety and Risks of Moxibustion

Is Moxibustion Safe?

Moxibustion is generally safe when performed correctly, but certain precautions should be taken.

Possible Risks and Precautions

• Burns and blisters (with direct moxibustion).
• Smoke sensitivity, especially for those with asthma.
• Not recommended for diabetics or those with neuropathy.
• Avoid using moxa over inflamed or injured skin.

Smokeless moxa is a safer alternative for individuals with respiratory concerns.

Finding a Moxibustion Practitioner

Where to Get Moxibustion Therapy

Moxibustion is widely available at acupuncture clinics, TCM wellness centers, and integrative health practices. It is often combined with acupuncture or cupping therapy to enhance therapeutic benefits.

At ACA Acupuncture and Wellness, our practitioners provide personalized moxibustion treatments tailored to individual health needs. Whether you’re seeking relief for pain, digestion issues, immune support, or breech pregnancy, we ensure a safe and effective approach guided by Traditional Chinese Medicine principles.

How to Find a Qualified Practitioner

To ensure safe and effective treatment:

• Look for licensed acupuncturists (L.Ac) or certified TCM specialists with experience in moxibustion.
• Read client reviews and clinic testimonials to assess the quality of care.

At ACA Acupuncture and Wellness, our skilled practitioners offer comprehensive consultations and customized treatments to support your health and wellness goals. Contact us today to learn more about how moxibustion can benefit you.

Sources:

Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. (2023). Moxibustion for turning a breech baby in pregnancy (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (CD003928). https://www.cochrane.org/CD003928/PREG_moxibustion-turning-baby-breech-position

Coyle, M. E., Smith, C. A., & Peat, B. (2023). Cephalic version by moxibustion for breech presentation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023(5), CD003928.

Liao, J. A., Shao, S. C., Chang, C. T., Chai, P. Y. C., Owang, K. L., Huang, T. H., Yang, C. H., Lee, T. J., & Chen, Y. C. (2021). Correction of breech presentation with moxibustion and acupuncture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare (Basel), 9(6), 619.